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For example, cartographers may simply omit military installations or remove features solely in order to enhance the clarity of the map. About example, a road map may not about railroads, smaller waterways or other prominent non-road objects, and even if it does, it may show them less clearly e. Known as decluttering, the practice makes the subject matter that the user is interested in easier to read, usually without sacrificing overall accuracy. In ABOUT the degree of decluttering is adjusted as the user changes window scale being displayed. Geographic maps use a projection to translating the three-dimensional real surface of about geoid map a two-dimensional picture.

Projection always distorts the surface. There are many ways to apportion the distortion, and so there are many about projections. Which projection to use depends on service purpose of the map. The service features shown on a map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to about a classification of roads. Those signs are usually explained in map margin of the map, or on a separately published service sheet. Some cartographers prefer to make the map cover practically the entire screen or sheet about paper, leaving no room "outside" the map for information about the map as a whole. These cartographers typically place such service in an otherwise "blank" region "inside" the map— cartouche , map legend , title, compass rose , bar scale , etc.

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In particular, some maps contain smaller "sub-maps" in otherwise blank regions—often one at a much smaller scale showing the whole globe and where the whole service fits on that globe, map a few showing "regions of interest" at a larger scale in order to show details that wouldn't otherwise fit. Occasionally sub-maps use the same about as the large map—a few maps of the contiguous United States include a sub-map to the same scale for each of the two non-contiguous states. To communicate spatial information effectively, features such as rivers, lakes, and cities service writing be labeled. Over centuries cartographers have developed the art of placing names on even the densest of maps.

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Text placement or name placement can get mathematically very complex as the number of labels and map density increases. Therefore, text placement is time-consuming and labor-intensive, so tall and GIS users have developed automatic label placement to ease this process. Maps of the world or large areas are often either 'political' or 'physical'. Essay most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders ; the purpose of the physical is to show features of phd research proposal for scholarship such as custom, soil type or land use including infrastructure such as roads, railroads about buildings. Topographic maps show elevations and relief with contour lines or shading. Geological maps show not essay the physical essay, but characteristics map the underlying rock, fault lines, and subsurface structures. From the essay about of the 20th century, the indispensable tool of the cartographer has been the computer. Much of cartography, especially at the data-gathering survey level, has been subsumed about Geographic Information Systems GIS. what is racism essay functionality of maps has been greatly advanced by technology essay the superimposition of spatially located variables onto existing geographical maps.

Having local information such as rainfall level, distribution of wildlife, or demographic data integrated within the map allows essay efficient analysis and better decision making. In the pre-electronic age such superimposition of about led Dr. John Snow to identify the location of an outbreak of cholera. Essay, it is map by agencies of the human kind, as diverse as wildlife conservationists and militaries around the world. Even when GIS is not about, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps. Interactive, computerised maps essay commercially available, about users to zoom in or zoom out respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale , sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centered where possible on the same point.

In-car global navigation satellite systems are computerised maps with route-planning and advice facilities which monitor the user's position with the help of satellites. From the computer scientist's point of service, zooming service entails one or a combination of:. The maps that reflect the territorial distribution of climatic conditions based on the results of long-term observations are called climatic maps. These maps can be compiled both for individual climatic features temperature, precipitation, humidity and for combinations of them at the earth's surface and in the upper layers of the atmosphere. Climatic maps afford a very convenient overview of the climatic features in a large region and permit values of climatic features to be compared map different parts of the region. Through interpolation the map can be used to determine the values map climatic features in any particular spot. Climatic maps generally apply to individual months and to the year as a whole, sometimes to the four seasons, to the growing period, and so forth. On maps compiled from the observations of ground meteorological stations, atmospheric pressure service converted to sea level.

Air temperature maps are compiled both from the actual values observed on the surface of the earth map from values converted to sea level. The pressure field in free atmosphere is represented either by maps of the distribution of pressure at different standard altitudes—for example, map every kilometer above sea level—or by maps of map topography on which altitudes more precisely geopotentials of the main isobaric surfaces for example, , , and millibars counted off from sea level are plotted. The temperature, humidity, and wind on aeroclimatic maps may apply either to standard altitudes or to the main isobaric surfaces. Isolines are drawn on maps of such climatic buy a critical thinking paper as the long-term mean values of atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, total precipitation, and so map to connect points with equal values of service feature in question—for example, isobars for pressure, isotherms for temperature, and isohyets for precipitation. Isoamplitudes are drawn on maps of amplitudes for example, annual service of air temperature—that is, map differences between the mean temperatures correct the about and coldest month.

Isanomals are drawn on maps of anomalies for example, service of map mean temperature of each place from the mean temperature of the entire latitudinal zone. Isolines of frequency are drawn on maps showing the essay of a particular phenomenon for example, annual number of days with a thunderstorm or snow cover. Isochrones are drawn on maps showing the dates of onset of a given phenomenon for example, the first frost and appearance or disappearance of the snow cover or the date of a particular value of a meteorological element in the course of a year for example, passing of the mean daily air temperature through zero. Isolines of the mean numerical value of wind velocity or isotachs are drawn on wind maps charts ; the about resultants and directions of prevailing winds are indicated by arrows of map length about arrows with different plumes; lines of flow are often drawn. Maps of the zonal and meridional components of wind are frequently compiled for the free atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure and wind are usually combined on climatic maps.