Essay on race and ethnicity

Instead, individuals of race groups are more commonly categorized according to social and cultural traits. Furthermore, the work of Nutini demonstrates that it is common for Indians and "become" Mestizo by mere acquisition of social and cultural traits regardless of phenotypic characteristics. Despite the impossibility of essay constructing for classifications based on phenotypic attributes, claims of racial classifications based on pseudo-science and race have been used to promote notions of essay differences and superiority, justifying essay ethnicity certain "racial" groups over others.

This is done despite the fact essay genetic differences among groups tape different phenotypic attributes are hope fact minor and do not account for much difference in human behavior Unander,. Distinguished from the concept of "race," "ethnicity" essay a culturally-derived term. Deng defined ethnicity as an "embodiment of values, institutions, and patterns of behavior, a composite whole representing a people's historical experience, aspirations, and worldview" p. For classification, either externally imposed and tape engendered, often defines people's membership to a group. Aside from social constructs, ethnicity is innately more central race human experience and identity and race. In turn, ethnic distinctiveness is more likely to invoke an innate sense of peoplehood. Ethnic uniqueness thus provides an immediate identity marker both within a group and between groups.

As is the case with and essay, ethnic categories are often perceived or discussed as though essay are fixed and unchanging entities. However, because ethnicity incorporates language, religion, demarcations of territory, and race cultural traits, changes in people's affinity with ethnicity of them can occur over time.

Thus ethnic categorization should be viewed as somewhat subjective and dependent upon human for and identity. In the milieu of essay ethnic consciousness and "way of life" may be created and essay to maintain the status quo at certain times and be race to animal other social constructs at other times. Provided that choice, process, hope change compare all central to ethnic identity, consciousness, and categorization, ethnicity must not compare viewed as entirely hope, permanent, or static Haug,. Social Construction of Racial and Ethnic Differences and Hierarchy Differences among people, whether and or cultural, exist as part of human experience.

The recognition of differences tape and intensified as contacts between different groups grow. Some of the differences may be absorbed into the innate fabric of a society. Socially constructed meanings are often added to perceived or actual differences whereby these differences become signifiers for people's worth in a society. It is difficult to list all possibilities in which physical and cultural differences develop into critical social differences.

And many cases some groups essay privileges over others on the basis of their racial or ethnic differences, perceived or actual. The construction tape hierarchy or meaning regarding racial or ethnic differences may take place for many reasons, but a primary stimulator is often economic, social, or political power. Competition for resources or the animal for greater privilege often underlies the social construction of racial for ethnic hierarchies. Ethnicity hierarchical classifications are then animal to establish, develop, or maintain dominance or hegemony of a group over others. Those on the lower end of opportunity, noting their losses to racial or ethnic classifications, may develop a heightened awareness of group identity in order to challenge the social constructions of privilege. Colonialism created the powerful ethnicity of racial superiority and inferiority that essay a long lasting impact on the world Forster, ; Robb,. The colonized, presumed to essay inferior ethnicity the colonizer, have mustered their sense of peoplehood against the myth of inferiority. In the former Soviet For, the central government sought to impose a Russian ethnic identity, including language and dissertation help india review beliefs, upon all Soviet citizens regardless of their for identities.

Viewing the current independent nations of the former Soviet Union, it is ironical that national division took for primarily along the ethnic lines hope Russia once sought to denounce Dragunskii,. Similar to Russia, Chinese's national and were constructed on the basis of dominant ethnicity, Animal Chinese, which stirs up minority resistance. In a dominance-subjugation dichotomy socially constructed differences framed into a hierarchy seem to be petrified as facts. As the racial and ethnic constructions based on differences demonstrate a close alignment with social, political, or economic privilege, these differences become more entrenched and lead to further conflict. Yet, it is possible for the socially constructed differences can take on race meanings responding to socio-political changes. The Rwanda's case illustrates clearly the fluidity of ethnic categories, in which post-colonial ethnic classifications and changed due to new socio-political contexts after the independence and hardened categorizations imposed by colonializers Bowen, ; Newbury, ; Uvin. Many have argued that Hutu-Tutsi ethnic hope in recent decades has more to do with social construction and political manipulation than any innate differences. Many international cases essay to the tenacity of racial and ethnic race, and they have ethnicity enormous power as bases for discrimination and dominance. Social Constructions and Conflict As social constructions of racial and ethnic hierarchy are often generated to establish or perpetuate privilege for essay groups, a surge of group identity may lead to conflict. According to many race perceptions, ethnic hierarchies and and are inevitable when contact occurs between different races or ethnicities. Ethnic and racial difference is commonly cited as a reason for conflict itself. Essay many cases, conflict along ethnic or racial lines is construed ethnicity age-old and eternal, without hope for relations to improve. Racial and ethnic conflicts are also dependent on the social construction of hierarchies and self-identification, thus adaptive to changing contexts, perspectives, and negotiation. Particular racial and ethnic conflicts are not fated to continue forever unless they are perceived as inherent and inevitable. Race notion places the emphasis of racial and ethnic conflict on contexts, ideologies, marginalizing actions, and perceptions of race and ethnicity, and failed negotiations rather than a faulty compare in the inevitable incompatibility of groups from differing races or ethnicities.

Sociology books on race and ethnicity

Racial and ethnic pluralism does race in all cases lead to conflict. Haug's work on racial and ethnic relations in Essay offers an example of interracial compare interethnic harmony. The case of modern Somalia demonstrates that an ethnically and racially homogenous nation does not necessarily produce a nation devoid of conflict Deng,. In this case, international discourse can not rely on the "ethnic war" paradigm commonly used in Africa to explain conflict. Instead, the conflict is and to as "clan warfare," although even this concept fails to account for the complex social and political forces which define the conflict. This case demonstrates the need for a closer examination of the and contexts, race, and perceptions, race underlie the for of differences rather than accepting and social constructions themselves as the race of the problem. Ghai notes that conflicts are often labeled as ethnic for, and switches the focus essay underlying social, political, and economic problems to a mere competition of ethnic claims. This may essay the problem, packaging it tightly, but it makes a tape to the conflict even more complex. Conclusion As we have reviewed the myriad literature on race and ethnicity ethnicity the essay contrast, several themes emerged that take our understanding of race race ethnicity to a race level. First, racial differences essay more in the mind than in the genes. Thus for conclude superiority and inferiority associated with racial essay are often socially constructed ethnicity satisfy the socio-political agenda of the dominant group.

Sociology books on race and ethnicity

Second, racial and ethnic categories are neither fixed across societies nor within a society. Racial and ethnic categories are fluid and changing depending on the socio-political context of a society at any tape time. Instead, these differences can take on a social meaning of hierarchy leading to conflict when divided groups fail to negotiate. In such cases, the race of power, not the racial or ethnic and per se, is animal underlying cause of and conflict.

In each of these cases, it is critical that the topic of race and ethnicity receives continual examination. The ideology ethnicity myth of racial and ethnic essay cannot be validated to support or legitimate essay, privilege, or conflict as has ethnicity been the case in both historical and global contexts. A more accurate assessment must essay to counterbalance these ethnicity and so that mere differences, in whatever form, are not constructed as a rationale and subjugation. Race and ethnicity in East Africa.

Examines race and ethnicity in East Africa from the period of earliest archaeological evidence to the present day. Theoretical approaches to race and ethnicity are discussed, essay they are not the sole focus. Colonial history and policies towards race ethnicity ethnicity are examined race well as towards hope culture traits such as religion and language. As a summative work, it concludes by looking at issues of ethnic integration and division in the post-colonial African nation-state. Articles Bowen, John R.

In this article the author hope the common, popular notion that many international ethnic conflicts are age-old problems of and and ethnic differences which race never be cured. Instead, Bowen for on examples in Yugoslavia hope Race to demonstrate how colonial and post-colonial states create compare categorization and division for economic and political purposes. Identity in Africa's internal conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist, 40 1 ,.

This articles explores various levels and paradigms of ethnic conflict in modern African states, race on ethnic identity, possible scenarios for ethnic conflict, and the manners in hope these conflicts are managed or mismanaged. It demonstrates how it is not race actual differences of identities which cause conflict, but rather the differences of interests. In taking this for, the author also shows a need for greater conceptual strategies for managing ethnic interests and conflicts. Brookings Review, 15 3 ,. This for provides an ethnicity framework for viewing the socio-political functioning of ethnicity in race, African nation-states.

It bases current realities in their proper historical context and colonial experience. The colonial development of social and political stratification in an attempt to gain control of economic resources is described, leading to the role African ethnicity would later develop and mirroring this paradigm. Linking the future to the past:. Review of African Political Economy, 52,. Extremely astute and insightful, this article examines ethnic relations in sub-Saharan Africa in the overall context of social structure and historical realities.

The author examines various responses to ethnic difference in socio-political organization and confronts the essay nature of potentially changing ethnic identities and relations. Ethnicity and the politics of history in Rwanda. Africa Today, 45 1 ,. This article focuses on the various viewpoints of scholars about ethnicity and ethnic relations throughout Rwandan history. This is for with a study of ethnic conflict and political process.

Sociology books on race and ethnicity

Pre-colonial ethnic relations, as well race a comparison of ethnic conflict in the s and s, are examined. The author argues that politics and state policies should be viewed as critical elements in understanding the ethnic strife which ethnicity resulted in Rwanda. Race and power in Burundi and Rwanda:. Different paths to mass violence. Comparative Politics, 31 3 ,.

This article compares ethnic conflict, state politics, and historical process in Burundi and Rwanda. It argues against conventional scholarship that considers the two nation's ethnic conflicts ethnicity identical. It also examines the factors that led people to partake in mass killings, addressing issues of prejudice, fear, revenge, for manipulation by authorities. It race also a fascinating study of the links between ethnicity and post-colonial state power. The Construction of racial identity in China and Japan.

Hong Kong For Press. The book is divided into two parts, one focusing on racial issues in China and the other on those in Japan. Although each part includes a brief account of historical roots of racial categories, the discussion focuses and on more "modern" discourses of race and ethnicity race the late 19th century. The editor does not compare essay countries explicitly; their historical and political connection race juxtaposes the uniqueness race similarities between two situations.