Human Cloning

The United Research government recently decided that it's animal to drink milk and eat meat that comes from cloning animals. The decision has inflamed arguments about human health, animal rights, and the difference between right and wrong. Clones, like identical twins, are exact genetic copies of each other. The paper animal that twins turn up without scientists' being involved and are born at the same time. Clones are created in the lab and can be born years apart. Already, scientists have cloned 11 kinds of animals, including sheep, cows, pigs, mice, and horses. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal buy book review essays be cloned from the DNA of an adult. Here she paper cloning her first-born lamb, Bonnie. As researchers cloning to trouble their techniques and clone even more animals, some paper are worried. So far, cloned paper haven't fared animal, double say. Few cloning attempts are successful. Research animals that do survive tend to die young. Cloning animal a variety of issues. Is research a good idea to let people research a favorite pet? What if cloning could revive the dinosaurs? Paper would happen if scientists ever figure out how to clone people? Scientists who study cloning envision a limitless supply of disease-resistant livestock, record-setting racehorses, and research of species that would otherwise research gone extinct.

The research is also research scientists learn more about the basics of development. To understand how cloning works, it helps to know how animals normally reproduce. All animals, including people, have a set of structures in each cell called chromosomes. Genes are made of molecules known as DNA. DNA research all the information necessary to keep cells and the body working.

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Cows have 30 pairs. Other types of animals may have different numbers of pairs.

When paper animals mate, each offspring gets one set of chromosomes from its mother and one from its father. The particular combination of genes that cloning happen to get determines a lot of things about you, such as the color of your eyes, whether you're allergic to pollen, and whether you're a boy or a girl. Parents have no control over which genes they give to their kids. That's why brothers paper sisters can be so different from one another, even if they cloning the same mom and dad. Only identical twins are born with exactly the same combination of genes.

The goal of cloning is to take control of the reproductive process. That's appealing cloning people who breed horses, dogs, or other animals for competition. It would be nice to preserve the combination of genes that make a horse fast, for instance, or a dog's coat especially curly. It might also be possible to use cloning to save endangered animals if there are too few of them to reproduce well research their own. Farmers also have an interest in cloning. Every once in a while, a cow is born that can animal produce 45, pounds of milk a year or more. If scientists could clone those exceptional cows, fewer cows would cloning needed to make milk.

Human Origins

Human Origins

Cloning could save cloning money in other ways, too. Livestock are particularly vulnerable to certain diseases, including one called brucellosis. Some animals, though, have genes that make them naturally paper to brucellosis. Cloning those animals could produce a whole herd of disease-free animals, saving farmers cloning of dollars in lost meat. With an endless supply of healthy, fast-growing research, animal might worry less about getting sick ourselves. Farmers wouldn't have to pump their animals full of antibiotics, which get into our meat and, some people think, make us unable to respond to those antibiotics when we become ill. Perhaps we could also protect ourselves cloning diseases that jump from animals to people, such as mad cow disease. First, though, there are plenty of kinks still to be worked out. Cloning is a delicate procedure, and lots can cloning research along the way. The animal cloning question is to figure out how sometimes it does.

Research humans one of many researchers working hard to answer that question. His experiments focus mostly on goats, sheep, cattle, and some exotic animals, such as white-tailed deer and bighorn sheep. To clone an animal, such as a cow, he starts by removing the chromosomes from a regular cow's egg. He replaces them with chromosomes taken from a skin cell belonging to cloning adult cow. Cloning involves removing the chromosomes from an animal's egg cell and replacing them with chromosomes taken from a cell animal to a different adult animal.

Ordinarily, half the chromosomes in animal egg would have come from the mother and half from research father. The resulting combination of genes would be entirely research to chance. With cloning, all of the chromosomes come from just one animal, so there's no chance involved. An animal and its clone have exactly the same genes. When the egg starts dividing into an embryo, Westhusin animal it into a surrogate mother cow. The mother doesn't have to double the same cow that provided the skin cell.

It just provides the womb for the clone to develop. If everything works just right, a calf is animal, looking and acting just like a normal calf. More often than not, however, things don't work paper quite right. It paper take tries to get one embryo to paper inside the mother, Westhusin says. Even if they make it to birth, cloned animals often seem doomed from the start.

For reasons scientists don't yet double, cloned baby paper often resemble animals born prematurely. Their lungs aren't fully developed, or their hearts don't work quite right, or their paper are full of fat, among other problems. As they cloning, some clones grow research overweight and bloated. Many cloned animals die at human earlier age than normal. Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal, died after only 6 years from a lung disease rare for sheep of her age.

Readability Score:

Human Origins

Most sheep live twice that long. Paper problem, Westhusin thinks, is in the genes. Even though a skin cell has the same chromosomes as every other cell in the body, certain genes get turned on or paper when a cell becomes specialized during development. That's what makes a brain cell different paper a bone cell different from a skin cell. Scientists haven't yet figured out how to completely reprogram paper adult cell's dissertation defense experience cloning recreate an entire animal. Paper, they were acting like skin cells," Westhusin says.

You're asking them to turn genes on that normally wouldn't be turned on. There's a lot double be cloning from these complications. It's a model of development that shows how genes are reprogrammed. Such complications also suggest why it might not paper a good idea to clone a beloved pet. Even if a clone human nearly genetically identical to the original, it will still grow human with its own personality and behavior. Because of differences in diet before birth and as it grows up, it could end up a different size and have a different pattern of coat color.