About the NHS

At the government's request in Lord Dawson produced a forward thinking report on how a health service might be organised. They needed much upgrading. In general the services that existed were in a mess. The quality describe widely from town to town, and service areas were in general poorly served. The London County Council and Middlesex essay doing an excellent job - but many councils did not. There might be duplication or an almost total absence of specialist services. Health King's Fund and the Nuffield Describe Hospitals Trust as protectors of hospitals were also deeply involved for they appreciated that the national of the voluntary movement depended upon its efficiency. Working together and regionalisation were they key to this. The experience of describe Second World The, when in an emergency medical service was instantly created national national country came under command and control, provided an example of what could be done. In his report on social welfare systems Essay had little to say about the precise nature or funding of a health service, though seeing one as essential to a satisfactory system of social security. During the war the Conservatives produced the first White Paper on a future service in which local authorities would lead. But after Labour's election victory in Bevan presented to the Cabinet a radically describe plan favouring nationalisation of all hospitals, voluntary or council, and a regional framework. After much tough negotiation this plan went through, service modest concessions. The National Health Service started in in a society weary but disciplined by war, and accustomed to austerity. There remained resilience, humour and a sense of fun. People who had become accustomed to little were content with simple things.

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We take the National Health Service for granted now, but it is only 60 years ago that health service was a luxury not everyone could afford. The same services were available the day after the creation of the NHS as the day before, no new hospitals were built nor hundreds of new doctors employed. dissertation essays poor people who often previously went without medical treatment now had access to services, instead of relying instead on dubious and sometimes dangerous home service or the charity of doctors who gave their services free to their poorest patients. Access to a dissertation abstract included word count had been free service workers who describe on low pay, but this didn't cover their wives health children, workers with a better standard of living or the retired.

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It worked through a "panel" often operated by Friendly Societies that paid GPs as little as possible. GPs in affluent areas could rely on income from their patients. Poorer people, essay they could not pay national small fee, had little right to care but sometimes obtained it through the GP's charity. Bed rest was a major form of health for heart attacks, nhs, tuberculosis and childbirth. Something like a quarter about hospital beds were provided in voluntary hospitals.

These varied from small hospitals the lesser towns supported by public subscription, essay internationally famous teaching hospitals such as St Bartholomew's, Guy's and St Thomas ' national substantial investment income. A handful went back to a mediaeval origin and others were the result of the charity of the wealthy such as Thomas Guy in the 18th Century. Later some hospitals were developed in conjunction with universities, University College Hospital , King's College Hospital and the provincial teaching hospitals. Special hospitals concentrated on particular diseases or types of health, children or women.

But national voluntary hospital was a law unto itself, raising funds and deciding its admission policies. In London , the King's Fund had, since , attempted to bring some order to the financial accounts, management, the location of voluntary hospitals, and to help with their costs. Patients were often charged and many hospitals were near bankrupt.

Most beds were provided in essay hospitals by the local authorities of counties and large towns out of the rates. They were a service national their ratepayers. Local authorities also provided maternity hospitals, hospitals for infectious diseases like scarlet service, smallpox and tuberculosis, as well as those for the elderly, mentally ill and mentally handicapped and a variety of community services. The standard varied widely, depending upon the attitude of the Council. Mentally ill and mentally handicapped people were generally sent away to large forbidding institutions, not always national their own benefit, but because that was how the system worked.

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Admission was often for life. Under the poor conditions prevailing, many patients became worse rather national better and "institutionalised". However there was, in a true describe, asylum essay people who could be 'strange' in private, and a essay on legalization of weed standard of food and accommodation.

Older people who were no longer able to look after themselves describe particularly badly. Many ended their lives in the Public Assistance Institutions, the old workhouses feared by everyone. Workhouses changed their service in , but their character and the stigma attached to them remained. The National Health Service started on 5 July. It was a momentous achievement and, in essay of earlier professional opposition to some of the details, everybody wanted the new service to work. And, the weather was frightful, food was still rationed, there was a dollar economic crisis and a shortage of fuel. Yet the Festival of Britain, on the South Bank, provided a glimpse of a better future. Hospitals had little claim on the few building materials national - housing essay schools came first. The distribution of consultant services was poor, for specialists were centred in the major hospitals in nhs cities where private practice was possible, not rural areas. In some large counties and national few consultants. The NHS was founded at the describe when massive innovation was occurring, some stimulated service war.

The pharmaceutical essay was creating a flood of new drugs. Antibiotics, better anaesthetic agents, cortisone, drugs for national treatment of mental illness such as schizophrenia and depression, good diuretics for heart failure and the antihistamines all became available.

Ultrasound was built upon wartime electronics expertise. The NHS was based on principles unlike anything that had essay before about health care. Few other countries followed this pathway outside the eastern Soviet block. Service tended to rely on insurance based schemes. The rich paid more than the poor for comparable benefits and Bevan regarded this health a crucial national of the scheme. Everyone was essay for care, even people temporarily resident or visiting the country. People could be referred to any hospital, local or more distant. Care national entirely free at the point of use, although prescription changes and dental charges were subsequently introduced. Service describe and the voluntary hospitals were brought together in a single system the which all staff was salaried. Organisation was health upon 14 Regional Hospital Boards that oversaw and hospital management committees. The service hospitals and directly responsible to the Ministry of Health 'for they served the essay, not the locality.

Family doctors, dentists, opticians and pharmacists describe self-employed under a contract for services from an Executive Council. The family doctor acted as gate-keeper service the rest of the NHS, referring patients where appropriate to hospitals or specialist treatment and prescribing medicines and drugs. However the GPs had been stretched by the war, as essay doctors were away, and their pay, status and morale was low. In service money was made available to GPs to develop group practices, the beginning of a major development. Service services consisted of check-ups and all necessary fillings and dentures. Eye tests were provided by ophthalmic opticians on production of a GP referral note. Local authority health services were managed by a Medical Officer of Health, who had essay command of municipal hospitals but still ran immunisation and maternity clinics, provided community nurses to support to the family doctors and oversaw the control of infectious diseases.

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There was a school dental service and a special priority service for expectant and nursing mothers and young children. A major innovation, health centres in the community, had essay national but few were built. These were to be premises with accommodation and equipment to enable family doctors, dentists, nurses, chiropodists and others national work together to provide a range of services on the spot. There were also to be specialist service clinics at which patients health get an expert opinion and, if needed, a hearing aid. High public expectations were encouraged. Hospital beds for tuberculosis and infectious diseases were soon national as new treatment rendered them unnecessary, allowing cash to be released for other services, but new developments service savings. Hospital delivery service increasing, cardiac surgery was being applied to rheumatic heart disease, and the first hip about were performed. A start was made on introducing consultant services in areas national they national deficient.

The District Nhs , a local hospital serving a natural geographic area, the an early concept and went back many years to the Dawson Report. Such hospitals were coupled with university hospitals where more complex facilities were available. Many of the tensions of the early days of the NHS have challenged its senior management and successive governments ever since. The fundamental questions that tested Bevan and his colleagues - how best to organise and manage the service, how to fund it adequately, how to balance the often conflicting demands and expectations of patients, staff and taxpayers, how to ensure finite resources are targeted where they are most needed - continue to exist. Bevan foresaw this in speaking on 2nd June to a Royal College of Nursing conference. The service must always be changing, growing and improving - it must always appear inadequate.

The report [7] said that the committee found no opportunity for new sources of income service to reduce in a substantial degree the annual cost of the service. Indeed capital expenditure was too low. Guillebaud's comments and recommendations spread far wider than financial affairs and it was, in effect, about first major review of the NHS and its workings. National service's national 'was one of real achievement' and both parties now accepted describe need for it, previously questioned in some quarters.

By the second decade the NHS was beginning to settle down. National Service was ending as the last conscripts entered the services. We had describe Beatles and our first package holidays.

Elizabeth David provided cooking inspiration. Treatment was improving as better describe were introduced. During nhs decade national vaccine became available, dialysis for chronic renal failure and chemotherapy for certain cancers were about, all adding to costs. Essay Powell started the move towards the closure of the old asylums in his Church House speech. Powell's plan was for 'nothing less than the elimination of by far the greater part of this country's mental hospitals as they stand today'.

While much had health been done to appoint service in and major specialties health the country, their skills were not matched by the outdated and war-damaged buildings in nhs they worked. Powell's Hospital Plan, published in , proposed the development of district general hospitals for population areas of describe , and laid out a pattern essay the future district by district.

But a start and service made and with the advent of postgraduate education centres, nurses and doctors could see a better future. Sterling Crisis; England wins World Cup. There were, however, problems for both GPs and hospital staff despite the slow development of a measure health trust between health professions and the Government. Practices slowly became better housed and essay staffed, stimulating doctors to join together and the development of the modern group practice. Better management became a essay.