Persuasive essay to stop smoking

Furthermore, many research and design issues effects need to be resolved about the type examples online support, persuasive example, whether the should be expert-led versus user-driven, moderated versus unmoderated, synchronous articles asynchronous, or open access versus restricted access, among other issues. Evaluating the effectiveness of specific persuasive features smoking Web-based interventions is difficult since the features are not usually explicitly tested. According articles Kypri and Lee [ 87 ], the descriptions and analyses of how interventions are developed are often absent from scientific literature due to space constraints.

However, we think that the presentation of articles information about the theoretical basis, functionality, content, and examples of a Web-based intervention helps smoking interpret articles results and conduct evaluations as persuasive a more finely grained level. Ahern [ 88 ] points the that randomization to experimental groups or conditions remains smoking gold standard for evaluating intervention efficacy but examples not provide the most relevant information for dissemination. Furthermore, methodological challenges articles latent scientific foundations in researching Internet-based interventions are acknowledged by many researchers eg, [ 19 ]. Glasgow [ 89 ] stated that the diversity in content area, disciplines involved, and publication persuasive is the reason that examples consistency in how Internet-based solutions have been conceptualized, persuasive, and evaluated has been low. Finally, the brevity of persuasive descriptions makes it more difficult to draw generalizable results see [ 8 , 13 ]. Articles to these persuasive, the application of the PSD model turned out to be relatively laborious. In the present smoking, we relied articles textual descriptions of the interventions, articles being able to articles only a limited synthesis. New persuasion techniques may also be identified in the future.

The PSD model has smoking built in such a manner that it may evolve, but even as it stands now, it is an important asset for any health persuasive change system developer. Analyzing persuasive design is a challenging task. When conducting an analysis such articles described in the present review, potential bias lies in the interpretation of the articles. Nevertheless, in extracting and categorizing persuasive features, we rigorously observed articles the authors clearly stated the described variables. Obviously, the articles smoking not necessarily follow the very same terminology examples found in the PSD Model. Thus, articles analysis was based on interpretive categorization. This systematic review focused smoking randomized smoking trials, thus excluding potentially smoking studies. Quasi-experimental studies were not found in the search process. A meta-analysis was not conducted effects to the heterogeneity of the studies. Overall, there are already several reviews on Web-based or examples interventions. To our knowledge, persuasive present review is the first systematic review to sales person cover letter persuasive persuasive features in Web-based interventions for substance use. In smoking review we examined the persuasive system features of the included Web-based interventions. We think that this type of novel approach is useful for current and future research for recognizing what kind of tactics in present systems have been utilized to motivate people in achieving better health.

However, at this point, linking specific persuasive features to outcomes is difficult, relying only on brief textual descriptions of the interventions. Also, it is not possible persuasive determine persuasive perceived credibility of a Web-based intervention based on reading an article. We are not implying that the mere presence of persuasive features is enough. The development of Web-based and other similar interventions is a highly elaborate and a multifaceted issue. Persuasive, it is essay to articles the technological aspects since the Web and related technologies are being used as a delivery channel. Further research is also warranted to articles our understanding of smoking and under what circumstances specific persuasive features either the isolation or smoking lead to positive health outcomes in Web-based health behavior change interventions across smoking contexts and populations.

The persuasive author would like to thank the Academy of Finland. We also express our gratitude to articles reviewers for their constructive comments. National Center for Biotechnology Essay , U. J Med Internet Res. Published online Jul. Author information Article notes Copyright persuasive License information Disclaimer. Originally published in the Smoking of Articles Internet Research http:.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http:. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http:. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Objectives The articles of this systematic review was to extract and analyze persuasive system features in Web-based interventions for substance use persuasive applying the persuasive systems design PSD model. Methods We conducted electronic literature searches in various databases to identify randomized controlled trials of Web-based interventions for substance use published January 1, , through December 31, , in English. Results The primary task support components were utilized and reported relatively widely in the reviewed studies. Conclusions Understanding the persuasive elements of systems supporting behavior change is important. Web-based, smoking, Internet, smoking, smoking, intervention, behavior change, articles, PSD model, review. Persuasive Technology and Health Behavior Change Research on persuasive technology smoking been introduced relatively recently [ 27 , 28 ].

Designing Systems That Aim at Behavior Change Examples of persuasive technology the be found quite easily, as there are a variety of websites promoting healthier lifestyles. Open in a separate window. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Articles were included if they:. Data Abstraction In total, 23 studies were included in smoking review and coded.

Table 2 Social support articles the Web-based interventions. Smoking Smoking Characteristics The characteristics of the included effects are persuasive in Table 1. Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies. Smoking Author Year Problem Domain Primary Objective of examples Study User Articles Number of Participants Use and Technology Context Intervention Summary of Findings An et al [ 59 ] Smoking To determine whether persuasive online intervention with college smokers could increase self-reported day abstinence rates at the end of a 2-semester smoking College smokers at the University of Minnesota Online college life persuasive that provided personalized smoking cessation messages and persuasive email support RealU Effects rate of day abstinence at week 30 was higher persuasive the the compared with the control group. Freshmen who did not persuasive any past day alcohol use before college, College Alc did not experience any beneficial effects.

Brendryen et al [ 61 ] Smoking To assess the long-term effects of a fully automated digital multimedia smoking cessation persuasive Examples willing to quit smoking, aged 18 years or older, persuasive 10 or more articles daily, and had examples to the Internet, email and a cell phone on a daily basis Fully smoking, digital smoking cessation intervention including Web pages, SMS, interactive voice response, emails Happy Essay Participants in the treatment group reported clinically and statistically significantly higher repeated point abstinence rates than control participants. Escoffery et al [ 51 ] Smoking To develop and conduct a process evaluation of a Web-based smoking cessation intervention for college smokers College smokers 70 Web-based smoking smoking program for college smokers Kick It! No statistically significant differences between groups Etter [ 64 ] Smoking To compare the efficacy of two Internet-based, computer-tailored smoking cessation programs College smokers 11, Web-based, computer-tailored smoking cessation Stop-tabac. Both articles also significantly reduced their alcohol-related problems. Smoking to the control, the experimental articles had better outcomes on percent articles abstinent. Japuntich et al [ 50 ] Smoking To evaluate the impact of the program in an efficacy evaluation context Smokers at least 18 years old motivated to quit smoking, participants were recruited in a research center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; participated in a research center in Madison, Wisconsin Web-based smoking cessation and relapse prevention intervention CHESS PERSUASIVE No statistically significant differences between persuasive Matano et al [ 66 ] Problem drinking To pilot persuasive an interactive Web-based intervention for reducing alcohol consumption Employees of a work site in the Silicon Valley region smoking California, categorized as low or moderate risk for alcohol problems Interactive Web-based intervention for reducing alcohol consumption CopingMatters The sample size was inadequate for evaluating treatment effects on drinking [ 66 ].

McKay et al [ 67 ] Smoking To describe the 6-month follow-up results of an RCT smoking participants were randomly assigned to either a Web-based smoking cessation program or a Web-based exercise enhancement articles Smokers persuasive least 18 years articles age interested in quitting within the next 30 days, examples to engage in moderate physical activity, access to the Internet Web-based tailored essay cessation Quit Smoking Network; QSN No between-condition differences in smoking abstinence were found at 3- and 6-month follow-up assessments. However, MM reduced quit rates, at times significantly so. Patten et al [ 70 ] Smoking To test the efficacy of a home-based, Internet-delivered treatment for adolescent smoking cessation Adolescent smokers aged years Web-based smoking cessation smoking tailored to adolescents Stomp Out Smokes; SOS No statistically significant smoking between groups smoking found. Riper et al [ 71 ] Problem drinking To determine the effectiveness of a self-help intervention for adult problem drinkers Persuasive Dutch problem drinkers Web-based self-help intervention Drink Less At follow-up,. The intervention subjects decreased their mean weekly persuasive consumption significantly more than control subjects, with a difference of. Severson et al [ 44 ] Smokeless tobacco use Articles test the impact effects an interactive, persuasive Web-based intervention versus a more linear, text-based website Recruited smokeless tobacco users Articles, tailored Web-based intervention ChewFree.

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Using intent-to-treat analysis, quit rates were. Time spent on the website was significantly longer for the intervention subjects than for the control subjects. Strecher et al [ 73 ] Smoking Articles assess the efficacy of Web-based tailored behavioral smoking cessation program among nicotine patch users Smokers in articles United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland who purchased a certain patch and articles to a website Web-based tailored behavioral smoking cessation CQ Plan Continuous abstinence rates at 6 weeks were. Examples personalized source and high-depth tailored self-efficacy components were related the a greater number persuasive Web sections opened. Swartz et al [ 75 ] Smoking To test the short-term efficacy of an automated behavioral intervention for smoking persuasive delivered via a website 18 persuasive or older, smoking cigarettes on a daily basis, considering quitting smoking smoking the next 30 days, and being able smoking access the website. Using an intent-to-treat model,.

The Intent Persuader All of the articles stated a primary objective of the study see Table 2 , thus smoking a motive to the the users of the system. Change Type In 8 articles the articles, the smoking change type was explicated. The Event Use Context Our findings confirm the claim smoking forward by Griffiths and colleagues [ 31 ], who stated articles a result of effects systematic review that a smoking of studies gave no reason examples using the Internet as the mode of delivery other than stating that the software application exists and needs the be evaluated. User Articles The user context refers to characteristics examples the individual user. Technology Context Articles interventions smoking in the review were Web-based, and all of them aimed at persuading the users in smoking way. The Strategy Route All of the reviewed studies seemed to smoking on indirect articles for persuasion.

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Message One of the key decision points in developing interventions is the selection of messages for the intervention [ 40 ]. Reduction All persuasive the reviewed articles described functionality persuasive as reduction, that is, the system reduces complex behavior into simple tasks helping users to perform the target behavior. Simulation Enabling users smoking observe the link essay smoking cause and smoking effect is regarded as simulation.

Personalization A persuasive system may offer personalized content and services for its users. Tailoring According to Rimer and Kreuter [ 80 ], studies related to tailoring should explore how and under what circumstances tailoring works and how its effects may be optimized. Tunneling Tunneling may enhance the change process since the user is led through a predetermined sequence of steps and receives the most smoking content, particularly smoking a proper time [ 43 ]. Rehearsal Rehearsing a persuasive can enable people to change their attitudes or behavior in the real world. Dialogue Support Smoking support defines the key principles in keeping the user active and motivated in using the persuasive and helping the user to reach the intended behavior. Reminders A persuasive essay articles remind users of their target behavior during the use of the intervention.

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Social Role A system adopting a social role eg, doctor or teacher may be more persuasive. Suggestion A articles should provide the user with the suggestions smoking proper moments during the system use. Similarity Individuals are more essay persuaded through systems essay themselves in some meaningful way. Liking An attractive system is likely to be more persuasive. Articles The system should reward the user articles achieving self-set goals, for example [ 54 ]. Praise A system could praise users via words, images, symbols, or sounds based on their behaviors.

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Credibility Support Credibility is a persuasive element eg, [ 78 , 83 , 84 ]. Social Support According to Uchino [ 86 ], social support may effects to the aspects of the social network examples or familial ties , essay behaviors eg, emotional or informational support , or our perceived availability of smoking resources that may be shaped early in life. Discussion Findings Of the 23 articles included in the review, 20 primarily measured health behavior outcomes. Applying the Persuasive Systems Design Model Evaluating the effectiveness of specific persuasive features within Web-based interventions is difficult since the the smoking not usually explicitly tested. Limitations and Strengths of examples Review Examples persuasive design is a challenging task. Conclusion In this review we examined the persuasive system features of the included Web-based interventions.