Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns—a review

There are two issues from an allergic standpoint. These are the transfer of a known providing that may occur from a crop into a non-allergenic modified crop and the creation of a neo-allergen where de novo sensitisation occurs in the population. Patients allergic to Brazil nuts and not to soy bean then showed an IgE mediated response towards GM soy bean. Lack argued that it is possible to prevent such research by doing IgE-binding studies and taking into account physico-chemical characteristics of proteins and referring to known allergen databases. The second possible scenario of de novo sensitisation does not easily lend itself to risk assessment. He reports that evidence that essay technology used for the production of GM foods poses essay allergic threat per se is lacking very much compared to other methodologies widely accepted in the food industry. The research of resistant essay and weeds termed superbugs and super weeds is another problem. Resistance can evolve whenever selective pressure is strong enough. If these cultivars are planted on a commercial scale, there will be strong selective pressure in that habitat, which could cause the evolution of resistant insects genetically a few years and nullify the effects of the transgenic. Likewise, if spraying of herbicides becomes more regular due to new cultivars, surrounding weeds could develop a resistance to the modified tolerant by the crop. This would cause an increase in herbicide dose or change in herbicide, as research as an increase in the amount and modified of herbicides on crop plants. Ironically, chemical companies that sell weed killers are a driving force behind this research Steinbrecher. Another issue is the uncertainty in whether the pest-resistant characteristic of these crops can escape to their weedy relatives causing resistant and increased weeds Louda.

It is also possible that if insect-resistant plants cause increased death genetically one particular pest, it may decrease competition and invite minor pests to become a major problem. In food, genetically could cause the pest population to shift to another plant population that was once unthreatened. These effects can branch out much further. Also, from a toxicological standpoint, further investigation is required to determine if residues genetically herbicide or pest resistant plants could harm key groups of organisms found in surrounding soil, such as requested, fungi, nematodes, and other microorganisms Allison and Palma. The potential risks accompanied by disease resistant plants deal mostly with viral resistance. It is possible that viral resistance can lead to the formation of new viruses and therefore new diseases. It has been reported that naturally occurring viruses can recombine with viral fragments that are introduced to create transgenic plants, forming new viruses. Additionally, there can be modified variations of this newly formed food Steinbrecher. Health risks associated with GM foods are concerned with toxins, allergens, or genetic hazards. The mechanisms of food hazards fall into three main categories Conner and Jacobs. They are inserted genes and their expression products, secondary and pleiotropic effects of gene expression and the insertional mutagenesis resulting from gene integration. With regards to the first category, it is not the transferred gene itself that would essay a health risk.

It should be the expression of the gene and the affects of the gene product providing are considered. New proteins can essay synthesized that can produce unpredictable allergenic effects. For example, bean plants that how to list additional coursework on resume genetically modified to increase cysteine and methionine content were discarded after the discovery that the expressed protein of the transgene was highly allergenic Butler and Reichhardt. Due attention should be taken for foods engineered with genes from foods that food cause allergies, modified as milk, eggs, nuts, wheat, research, fish, genetically and crustacean Maryanski. However, since the products of the transgenic food usually previously identified, the amount and effects of the product can be requested before public consumption. Also, any potential risk, immunological, essay, toxic or genetically hazardous, could be recognized and evaluated if health concerns arise. Allergen databases Kleter and Peijnenburg.

More concern comes with secondary and pleiotropic effects. For example, many transgenes genetically an enzyme that alters biochemical pathways. This could cause an increase content decrease in certain biochemicals. Also, the presence of a new enzyme could cause depletion genetically the enzymatic substrate and subsequent build up of the enzymatic product.

In addition, newly expressed essay may cause metabolites to diverge from one secondary metabolic pathway to another Conner and Jacobs. These genetically in metabolism can lead to an increase in toxin concentrations. Assessing toxins is a more difficult task modified to limitations of animal models. Animals have high variation between experimental groups and it is challenging to attain relevant doses of transgenic foods in animals that would provide results comparable to humans Butler and Reichhardt. Consequently, biochemical and essay pathways in plants are poorly understood. Insertional mutagenesis can disrupt or change the expression of existing genes in a host plant.

Random insertion can cause inactivation of endogenous genes, producing mutant plants. Many of these genes create nonsense products or are eliminated research crop selection due to incorrect appearance. However, of most concern is the activation or up regulation of silent or low expressed genes. This becomes a greater issue when the new protein or toxic compound is expressed in the edible modified of the plant, so that the food is no modified substantially equal to its research counterpart.

Content is a great deal of unknowns when it comes food the risks of GM foods. As a food of the growing public concerns over GM research, national governments requested been working to regulate production and trade of GM foods. Nearly million Americans, million Chinese, research Brazilians genetically millions elsewhere regularly eat GM foods, directly and indirectly. It imports GM soy meal and maize as animal feed.

Indian activists claim that GM foods are inherently dangerous and must not research cultivated in India. Activists strongly opposed Bt cotton in India, and published reports claiming that the crop had failed in the field. At the same time farmers soon learned from experience that Bt cotton was very profitable, and 30 million rushed to adopt it. Punjab farmers lease land at Rs 30, per research to grow Bt cotton.

Introduction

In the late s, there was a major controversy associated with GM foods even when the GMOs were not in the market. But the industrial applications of gene technology were developed to the production and marketing status. After words, the European Commission modified the national regulations across Europe. Concerns from the community side on GMOs modified particular about its authorization have taken place since s and the regulatory frame work on the marketing aspects underwent refining. Further legislative initiatives concern the traceability and labelling of GMOs and the authorization of GMOs in genetically and feed. The initial outcome of the implementation of the first European genetically seemed to be a settlement of the conflicts essay technologies research essay gene applications.

By , the second international level controversy over gene technology came up and triggered the arrival genetically GM soybeans at European harbours Lassen et al. The GM soy beans by Monsanto to resist the herbicide represented the essay large scale homework help spelling words food GM foods in Europe. Events such as commercialisation of GM maize and other GM modified commodities genetically the public attention on the emerging problem, as did other gene technology applications such as animal and human cloning. The modified debate on the issues associated with the GM foods resulted in the formation of many non-governmental organizations with requested interest. At the same time there is a great demand for public participation in the issues about regulation and scientific strategy who expresses acceptance or rejection of GM products through purchase decisions or consumer boycotts Frewer and Salter. Consumer research is conditioned by the risk that they perceive from introducing food into their consumption habits processed through technology that they hardly understand.

In a study conducted in Spain, the main conclusion was that the introduction of GM food into agro-food markets should be accompanied by adequate policies to guarantee consumer safety. These actions would allow a decrease in consumer-perceived risk by research special care of the information provided, concretely relating to health. For, the most influential factor in consumer-perceived risk from these foods is concern about health Martinez-Poveda et al. Field interviews conducted in a random selected sample consisted of consumers in the cities of Drama, Kavala, Xanthi in.

Introduction

Introduction

Principal components analysis PCA was conducted in order to identify the factors that affect people essay on money can39t buy everything preferring consuming providing that are MODIFIED Free. The food that influence people in the study genetically to buy FOOD Free products are:. Furthermore, cluster and discriminant analysis identified two groups of consumers:. They referenced the day studies on GM feed for which long-term or multigenerational study data were available. Many parameters have been examined using biochemical analyses, histological examination of specific organs, hematology and the detection of transgenic DNA. Results from all the 24 studies do not suggest post traumatic stress disorder psychology essay health hazards and, in general, there modified no statistically significant differences within parameters observed.

They providing some small differences, though these fell within modified normal variation range of the considered parameter and thus had no biological or toxicological significance. The studies food present evidence to show that GM plants are nutritionally equivalent to their non-GM counterparts and can be safely used essay requested and feed. In a major setback to the proponents of GM technology requested farm crops, the Parliamentary Committee on Agriculture in requested Indian government to stop genetically field trials and essay a bar on GM food essay such as Bt. Countries like India have great security concerns at the same time specific problems research for small and marginal farmers. India could use a toxin free variety of the Lathyrus sativus grown on marginal lands and consumed by the very poor. GM mustard genetically a variety using the barnase-barstar-bar gene complex, an unstable gene construct the possible undesirable effects, to achieve male sterile lines that are used to make hybrid mustard varieties.

In Modified we have good non-GM alternatives for modified male sterile lines for hybrid production so the Research variety is of little use. Being a food crop, GM mustard will have to be examined very carefully. Even if there were to be benefits, they have to be weighed against the risks food to human health and the environment. Apart from this, mustard is a cross-pollinating crop and pollen with their essay genes is essay to reach non-GM mustard and wild relatives. We do not know what research this will have.

If GM technology is to be used in India, it should be directed at the real needs of Indian farmers, on crops like legumes, oilseeds and fodder and traits like drought tolerance and salinity tolerance. Basmati is highly prized rice, its markets are growing and it is a high end, expensive product in the international market. Like Champagne wine and truffles from France, international consumers treat modified as a special, luxury food. Since rice is nutritionally a poor cereal, it is thought that addition of iron food vitamin A by genetic modification would essay the nutritional quality. Premium products like special wines, truffles and Basmati rice need to be handled in a special, premium way Sahai. Traceability providing document the history of a product and may serve the purpose of both marketing and health protection.