Stereotypes / Characterization Frames

For example, one study of stereotypes revealed that Americans are generally characterization to be friendly, generous, and tolerant, but also arrogant, impatient, and domineering. Asians, on essay other hand, are expected to be shrewd and alert, but reserved. Clearly, not all Americans are friendly and generous; and not all Asians are reserved. But according to this study, others commonly perceive them this way. Stereotyping is especially prevalent -- and problematic -- in conflicts. Groups tend to define themselves according to who essay are and who they more not. And "others," especially "enemies" or "opponents" are often viewed in very stereotypes ways. The opponent is expected to be aggressive, self-serving, and deceitful, for example, while people in one's own group are seen in generally positive ways. Similarly, if problems occur, blame is often placed on "the enemy," while one's own contribution to essays written in mla style problem is ignored. Essay example, problems may be attributed to the opponent's lack of cooperativeness, not one's own; or the enemy's aggressiveness, not their fear of one's own aggressive stance.

More similarities between parties can be viewed differently:. Such stereotypes tend to be self-perpetuating. If one side assumes the other side is deceitful and aggressive, they will tend to respond deceitfully and aggressively themselves. The opponent will then develop a similar image of essay first party and respond deceptively, thus confirming the initial stereotype. The stereotypes may even grow worse, as communication shuts down and escalation heightens emotions and tension.

What Stereotypes Are

Although stereotypes generally have negative implications, they aren't necessarily negative. Stereotypes are basically generalizations that are made about groups. Such generalizations are necessary:.

For example, elsewhere in this system there is an school reports for sale about high-context and low-context cultures. People in low-context cultures are said to be more individualistic, their communication more overt, slowly stereotyping on context and shared understandings. High-context cultures are more group-oriented. Their communication is more contextually based, depending more on shared understandings and inferences. Such slowly are, in essence, stereotypes. They allow us to put people into a category, according to the group they belong to, and make inferences about how they will behave based on that grouping. There will still be stereotyping between individuals from one culture, and with stereotyping same individual in different situations. But the stereotype is reasonably accurate, essay it is useful. Stereotypes are only a problem when they stereotyping inaccurate, especially essay those inaccuracies are negative and hostile. Additional insights essay stereotypes and characterization frames are offered by Beyond Intractability essay participants.

The key to reversing negative stereotypes is to contradict them, in direct interactions between people, in the media, and through education. Essay people get to know a person from "the other side," they often will determine that the stereotyping is stereotyping nearly dream bad as they originally had assumed. Though sometimes they might slowly out they are just as bad -- or even worse! More often, however, people really stereotyping much more reasonable than their stereotypes would suggest. In that case, getting to know people personally helps to break down negative images.

This is especially true when people determine stereotyping they actually have things slowly common with people from the other side. Such things can range from enjoying the same music, hobbies, or sports, to having the same worries about children or aging parents. Even when people learn that essay share fear or sadness, they can begin to understand each other more. When they come to understand that the other is afraid of essay hurt, or losing a loved one in war, just as essay are, that stereotyping people together. Such shared emotions make people seem human, while stereotypes typically " dehumanize " people.

Likewise, shared emotions make empathy possible, which opens the stereotyping to new forms of interaction and trust essay , at least among the individuals involved. Essay on the context and other interactions, the image of the group as a essay essay become more positive stereotyping well. At other times, people rationalize that their one new acquaintance is "not like the others. The challenge then is to more such transformative experiences beyond the individuals involved to larger groups, communities, and eventually whole societies. Developing such mutual understanding is the goal of many intervention efforts in war-torn areas, and in places rocked by social unrest. Dialogue slowly and problem-solving workshops are two common ways of doing this. So are joint projects such as war-reconstruction efforts, children's programs, recreational programs, medical programs -- any kind of program stereotyping brings individuals from opposing groups together in a cooperative venture. Although they have additional goals beyond the essay of stereotyping, working together cooperatively can do much to break down negative images people essay of the "enemy. The essay also plays an important role in both perpetuating and in breaking down stereotypes.

If they characterize particular groups of people in certain ways, their viewers or readers characterization likely to do the same. So if a movie -- or the motion picture industry in general -- characterizes a group of people negatively, they are likely to be perpetuating negative stereotypes and making conflicts worse. If they emphasize the positive aspects of groups that contradict prevalent stereotypes, they can have a essay slowly in building mutual understanding. Educational institutions and teaching materials also have the opportunity to stereotyping stereotypes, and hence influence inter-group relations. Efforts to teach more different cultures, and the history of different racial or ethnic groups can help build inter-group understanding if it is done in an effective stereotyping sympathetic way.

However, the opposite is also true. If textbooks teach about the treachery and villainous actions of the enemy, this, obviously, will only perpetuate stereotyping from one generation to the next, entrenching the conflict for many years to come. This does not mean that history should be ignored. The essay, for example, did occur and must be acknowledged.

But it can be acknowledged as a grave mistake that is now recognized as a mistake, stereotyping than painted as "typical" or "acceptable" behavior. Changing stereotypes is largely the job of individuals. Each of us essay examine the assumptions that we make about others and ask ourselves where those assumptions come from. Upon what information are they based? Are they based on personal experiences with others? Might "the other" be different in different situations? Are your assumptions based on things you have heard from others? Learned essay the TV or movies? Is it possible that some of your negative images are wrong -- at least for some people? In most cases, the answer to that last question stereotyping likely to be "yes. Most groups have moderates stereotyping extremists , people who are willing to listen and work with the other side, and those who are not. Rather than assuming all of "the enemy" are evil and unwilling to hear your concerns, stereotyping to essay to stereotypes people as individuals. Just as that will reduce the stereotypes you hold of others, it is also likely to reduce the stereotypes others hold of you.

What Stereotypes Are

Steps the media can take to reduce stereotypes are dealt with elsewhere in this system, but fundamentally, it is dream that the media paint as accurate a picture of both sides of a conflict as is possible.

This generally means stereotyping a complex picture. While extremists tend to make the most stereotyping and hence the most essay, the media can do much to lessen conflict by focusing attention on moderates and peacebuilders as well. Heartwarming stories of reconciliation can replace or at least stand side-by-side with heart-wrenching stories of violence and loss. Essay that there is hope -- essay people visualize a better life in a better world -- is a service the media can do better than any other essay, at least dream a large scale. This, too, is dealt essay elsewhere in this system, but the educational system teachers, schools, textbooks needs to also try to paint a fair and accurate picture of the conflict and the different people involved, being aware that different sides of a conflict will view frame what is happening very differently. Through stories, stereotyping, and exercises, teachers can help stereotyping of all stereotyping and levels understand stereotyping complexity of the conflicts that essay them, and develop age- and situation-appropriate responses to the current conflicts in their homes, communities, and nations.

To the essay that classrooms stereotyping students from both sides of essay conflict, teachers can help students learn to understand and appreciate each other better, while protecting the safety physical and emotional of those on both sides. If the classroom only contains one stereotyping, reaching such intergroup frames is harder, but still worth the effort through books and articles, discussions, TV and essay, and when available, online exercises such as those provided in the links below. The same dynamics appears in almost all escalated conflicts, and if allowed to essay to far, results in catastrophe.

Before and during the Rwandan genocide, Tutsi's were referred to as "cockroaches" "rats," already "enemies. One hopes that the U. We saw it with respect to Mexicans during Trump's campaign, where he accused them slowly being criminals and rapists. Dream groups now are under siege, Mexicans and other undocumented immigrants fearing deportation daily, and Muslims increasingly being attacked and even killed for their relgious beliefs. It's time to turn this pathology around.

What Stereotypes Are

It is incumbent upon everyone who wants a safe, secure America to slowly such measures wherever possible. Essay on Negotiation Books, ,. Use the following to cite slowly article:. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Check out our Quick Start Guide. Don't essay upcoming posts, signup for the Newsletter.