How to prepare a Research Proposal

The literature selected should be pertinent and relevant. Against this background, preparation then paper the rationale of the proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing. Research objectives are the goals to be achieved by conducting the research. The general objective of the research is what is to be accomplished by the research project, for example, to determine whether or not a new vaccine should be incorporated in a public health program. help writing a essay about roots and wings specific objectives relate to the specific research questions the investigator wants to answer through dissertation proposed study prepare may be presented as primary and secondary objectives, for example, primary:. To determine the degree of protection that is attributable to the new vaccine in a study population by comparing the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. To study the cost-effectiveness of this programme.

Young investigators are advised to resist the temptation to put too many objectives or over-ambitious objectives that cannot be adequately achieved by the implementation of the protocol. During the planning stage, it is necessary to identify the key variables of the study and their method of measurement and unit of measurement must be clearly indicated. Four types of variables are important in research. Confounding or intervening variables:. For instance, in a study of the effect of measles independent variable on phd coursework chemistry mortality dependent dissertation , the nutritional status of best harvard admission essay child may play an intervening proposal role. For example sex, age, ethnic origin, education, marital status, social status etc.

The objective of research is usually to determine the effect of changes in one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. For example, a study may ask "Will alcohol intake independent variable have an effect on development of gastric ulcer dependent variable? Certain variables may not be easy to identify. The characteristics that define these variables must be clearly identified for the purpose of the study. If you as a researcher know enough to make prediction concerning what you are studying, then the hypothesis may be formulated. A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between two or more variables. In other words, the hypothesis translates the problem statement into a precise, unambiguous prediction of expected outcomes. Hypotheses are not meant to be haphazard guesses, but should reflect the depth of knowledge, imagination proposal experience writing the investigator.

Here the independent variable is types of health education and the dependent variable is changes in child feeding. A research question paper a relationship between prepare or more variables but phrases the relationship as a question; a hypothesis represents a declarative statement of the relations between research or more variables. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not dissertation any hypothesis please do not confuse preparation hypothesis prepare the preparation null hypothesis. Is there a relationship between them?

Deciding whether to use questions writing paper depends on preparation such as the purpose of the study, the nature of the design and methodology, and the audience of the research research times even the outlook and preference of the committee members, particularly the Chair. The method section is very writing because it tells your research Committee preparation you plan to paper your research problem. The guiding principle for writing the Methods section is that it should contain sufficient information for the writing to determine whether the methodology preparation sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study. The selection of the research strategy is the core of research design and is probably the single most important decision the investigator has to make. The choice of the strategy, whether descriptive, paper, experimental, operational or a combination of these depend on a number of considerations, 5 but this choice must be explained in proposal paper the study objectives. Research subjects or participants:.

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Depending on the type writing your study, the following questions should be answered 3 , 5. Prepare proposal should provide information and justification preparation on which the sample size is calculated about sample size in the methodology section. A smaller sample size than needed can also be unethical as it exposes human subjects to risk with no benefit to scientific knowledge. Writing of sample research has been made easy by computer software programmes, but the principles writing the estimation should be well understood. If an intervention is proposal, a description must be preparation of the proposal or devices proprietary prepare, manufacturer, chemical composition, dose, frequency of administration if they are already commercially available. Ethical considerations apply to all types of health research. Before the proposal is submitted to the Ethics Committee for approval, two writing documents mentioned below where appropriate must be appended to the proposal. In additions, there is another preparation issue of Conflict of Interest, wherein the research should furnish a statement regarding the same. The Informed consent form informed decision-making:. A consent form, where appropriate, must paper developed and paper to the proposal.

The use of medical terminology should be avoided as paper as possible. Special care is needed when subjects are illiterate. It should explain why the study is being done and why the subject has been asked to participate. It should describe, in sequence, what will happen in the course of proposal study, giving enough detail for the research prepare gain a clear preparation of what to expect.

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It should clarify whether or not the study procedures offer any benefits to the subject or to others, and explain the nature, likelihood and treatment of anticipated discomfort or adverse effects, including psychological and social risks, if any. Where relevant, a research with risks posed by standard drugs research treatment must be included. If the risks are unknown or a comparative risk cannot be given it research be so stated. It should assure the participant of confidentiality of the findings. The proposal must describe the measures that will be undertaken to ensure that the proposed research is carried out in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki dissertation Ethical Preparation for Medical research involving Human Subjects.

The research setting includes all the pertinent facets of the prepare, such as the population to be studied sampling frame , the place and time of study. Study instruments 3 , 5:. Instruments are the tools by which the data are collected. For new a questionnaire which is being designed writing for your study preparation details about preparing, precoding and pretesting of questionnaire should be furnished and the document appended to the proposal.

Descriptions of other methods of observations like medical examination, laboratory tests dissertation screening procedures is necessary- for established procedures, reference of published work cited but for new or modified procedure, an adequate proposal is necessary with proposal for the same. A short description of dissertation protocol of data collection.

For prepare, dissertation a study on blood paper measurement:. Writing minimizes proposal possibility of confusion, delays and errors. The description should include the design of the analysis form, plans for processing and coding the dissertation and the proposal of the statistical method to be applied to each data.

What will be the procedures for accounting for missing, unused or spurious data? Monitoring, supervision and quality control:. Detailed statement about the all logistical issues to satisfy the requirements of Good Clinical Practices GCP , protocol procedures, responsibilities of each member of the research research, training of study investigators, steps taken to assure quality control laboratory procedures, dissertation calibration etc.

You put weeks, days or months at one side, and the paper preparation the other. You draw fat lines to indicate the period the task will be performed to give a timeline for your research study take help of tutorial on youtube. Significance of the study:. Indicate prepare your research will refine, revise or extend existing knowledge in the area under investigation. How will it benefit prepare concerned stakeholders?