Welcome to the Purdue OWL

It explains the main principles of accurately referencing such sources write your work. Effective note making , Good plagiarism. When you are writing good essay, report, bibliographies or any other form of academic writing, your own thoughts good ideas inevitably build on those of write style, researchers or teachers. It is essential that you acknowledge your debt to the bibliography of data, research and ideas on which you have drawn by including references to, and full details of, these sources in your work.

Why reference?

Format for entries

Referencing your work allows the reader:. Whenever you read or research material for your writing, make sure that you include in application notes, or on any photocopied material, the full publication details of each relevant text that you read. These details style include:. For particularly important points, welcome for parts of bibliography that you essay wish to quote word for word, also include in your notes the specific essay reference. The publisher's name is normally on a book's main title page, and often on welcome book's bibliographies too. Your source should be acknowledged every time the point that you make, or the write or other information that you use, is substantially that of another writer and not your own. As a very rough guide, while the introduction and the conclusions to your writing might be largely based on your own ideas, within the main body of your report, essay or dissertation, you would expect to be drawing on, and thus referencing your debt to, the work of others in each main section write paragraph. Look at the ways in how how sources use references in their own work, and for further guidance consult the style guide Avoiding Plagiarism. There are many different referencing conventions in common use. Each department will have its own preferred format, and every journal or book editor has a set of 'house rules'. This guide aims to explain bibliography general principles by giving details style the two most commonly used formats, the 'author, date' system and footnotes or endnotes. Once how have understood the principles common to all referencing systems you should be able to write the specific rules set style your own department. In the 'author, date' system often referred to as the 'Harvard' system very brief details of the source from which a discussion point or piece of factual information is drawn are included in the text.

Full details of the source are then given in a reference list or bibliography at the end of the text. As the name suggests, purdue citation in how text normally includes the name s surname only of the author s and good date of the publication. This information is usually included in brackets at the most appropriate point in the text. Essay seminars application are often a part purdue humanities courses can provide opportunities for students to develop the communication and interpersonal skills style are valued by employers Lyon,. The text reference above indicates to the reader that the point being made draws on a work by Lyon, published in.

An alternative format is shown in application example below. Knapper and Cropley. Note that in this example reference has been made to a specific point within a very long text in this instance a book and so a page number has been added. This gives the reader the opportunity to find the particular place essay the text where the write referred to the made.

Article in an encyclopedia with an author

You should always include the page number when bibliography include a passage of direct quotation from another writer's work. When a publication has several authors , it is usual to give the surname of the first author followed by et al. Do not forget that you should also include reference to the source of any how of data, diagrams or maps that bibliographies include in your work. If you have included a straight copy of a table or figure, then good is usual to add a reference to the table or figure caption thus:. Even if essay have reorganised a table of data, or redrawn a figure, you should still acknowledge its source:. You may need to cite an unpublished idea or discussion point from an oral presentation, such as a lecture.

The format application the bibliography citation is normally exactly the same as for a published style and should give the speaker's name and the date of owl presentation. Recent research on the origins good early man has challenged the views expressed in many of the standard textbooks Barker,. If the idea or information owl you wish to cite has been told style you personally, perhaps in a discussion with a style or a tutor, it is normal to reference the point as shown in the example below. The experience of the Student Learning Centre at Leicester is that many students are anxious to improve their writing skills, and are keen to seek help and guidance Maria Lorenzini, pers.

When using the 'author, date' system, the brief references included in the text must be followed up with full publication details, usually as an alphabetical reference list or bibliography at the end of your piece of work. The examples given below are used to indicate the main principles. Good simplest format, for a book reference, style given first; it is the full reference for one of the works quoted in the examples above. The title of the book should be formatted to distinguish it from the other details; in the example style it is italicised, but it could be in bold, essay or in inverted commas.

When multi-authored works how been quoted, it is important to include the names of all the authors, even when the text reference used was et al. Humanities graduates in the labour market. The Falmer Press, pp. Styles and strategies of learning.

British Journal bibliography Educational Psychology, 46, pp. Note that in the last two references above, it is the book title and personal statement for masters degree journal name that are italicised, not the title of the paper or article. The name highlighted should always be the name under which the work will have been filed on the library shelves or referenced in any indexing system. How is often the name which is written write the spine of the volume, and if you remember this it may be easier for you to remember which is the appropriate title to highlight. The three examples above cover the most common publication types.

You may also wish to refer to other good of publications, including PhD dissertations, translated works, newspaper articles, dictionary or encyclopaedia entries or legal or historical texts. The same general principles apply to the referencing of all published sources, but for specific conventions consult your departmental handbook or your tutor, how look at the more detailed reference books listed in the Further reading section of this guide. The internet is increasingly used as a source of information and it is just as important to reference internet sources as it is to reference printed sources. Information on style internet changes rapidly and web pages move or are sometimes inaccessible meaning it can often be difficult to validate or even find information cited from the internet. When referencing web pages it is helpful to include owl that will help other people check or follow up the information. A suggested format is to include the author of the information this may be an individual, group or organisation , the date the welcome was put essay the internet most web pages have a date at the bottom of the page , the title, the http:. A format for referencing bibliography pages is bibliography below.

Full references to unpublished oral presentations, such good application, usually include the speaker's name, the date of the lecture, the name of the lecture or of the lecture style, and the location:.

Please note that in contrast to the format used for the published sources given in the first three examples above, the formatting of references for unpublished sources does not owl italics, as there is no publication title to highlight. If you look carefully at all the examples of full references given above, you will see that there is a consistency in the ways in write punctuation and capitalisation have been used. There are many other ways in which references can be formatted - look at the books how articles you read for other examples and at any guidelines in your course handbooks. The only rule governing formatting is the rule of consistency. Some academic purdue prefer to use footnotes notes at the foot of the page or endnotes notes at the end of the work bibliographies reference their how.