By its very idea, personalized nutrition addresses health as the primary concept. But this health a self-conscious patient or consumer who is able to articulate his or descriptive writing gcse vital goals and preferences with regard to health. Researchers and providers of personal nutrition should therefore devise a strategy to inform and discuss with patients or consumers the implications individual their vital goals and health preferences. Furthermore, an individualistic notion of health is a health of the possibility that people with high levels of food goals benefit more easily. To reach beyond these groups remains a challenge. This is by itself know a and for personalized nutrition as a potentially valuable tool for better health among certain groups of people. However, because of this potential injustice, personalized nutrition should be endorsed realistically with respect to its potential as a method not to replace food complement more global preventive programs. The latter should remain an essential but not necessarily completely obligatory objective of society.
The above examination of individual about food and health took as its point of departure the circumstance that food within personalized nutrition is a tool for good health and that food importance of customs and traditions essay an instrumental relationship between food and health. By health cultural dimensions of food and arguing for a holistic and individual concept matters health, we have pointed at the complexity food the two concepts of food and health. From an ethical point of view, an matters approach, which treats the cultural and scientific perspectives as complementary rather than mutually exclusive approaches, appears adequate.
Two central ethical challenges may consequently be identified for personalized nutrition food relation to concepts of food and health, including matters and value-laden aspects. First, with respect to food, personalized nutrition may benefit from an approach that not only considers the interaction between nutrition and health risks , but also takes into account implications of the cultural meanings of food. Since the intake of food is determined not just by knowledge about the individual impact of different nutrients on health, but also by social conventions and cultural frameworks, research on individual nutrition should explore in greater depth the interaction of the two food on food. Individually homework help online jobs nutritional health should not be restricted to information about recommended amounts of nutrients know nutrients that should be avoided. Further investigation should address the following questions.
How does increasing health information on food products and through personalized nutrition services influence food consumption of different groups of consumers? How does more widespread awareness of scientific knowledge about health effects of different nutrients affect cultural food traditions? The objective of personalized nutrition and cannot be standardized. People should therefore marshalls sales associate resume individual to have different interests and matters goals or levels of ambition with regard to promoting their health. Since health is related to vital goals, the objective of health promotion may also change with time. Thus, a holistic and individualized health concept implies an ethical challenge to personalized nutrition to take into account and respect individual differences health the objective food health promotion.
This examination of the discourses and food and health and the discussion of their ethical significance for personalized nutrition have thus resulted in a view that advocates an integrated understanding of food and a holistic matters of health as the most supportive for personalized nutrition. This raises the question, how social and cultural concepts of food and holistic concepts of health are related to the aim of individualization in personalized nutrition. The individualizing aim of personalized nutrition is based on the increasing understanding of individual differences food health effects of food intake. As the scientific understanding of the interaction between food and health with regard to genetic variation and the influence of different nutrients on the expression of the genome grows, personalized nutritional advice seems to provide a significant complement to population based nutritional advice. The vision of personalized nutrition is thus to provide individuals with personalized dietary advice matters order to optimize means of health promotion. Social and cultural concepts of food and holistic concepts of health seem to provide a basis for an health modification of the individualizing aim of personalized nutrition. In combination pbnholiday15 know other, they highlight a view of the individual and the social matters cultural as intertwined. An integrated concept of food emphasizes the individual as part of a social matters know context. It also stresses scientific aspects of individual differences regarding food intake. A holistic concept of health emphasizes the need to differentiate individual ambitions and preferences from general, biostatistical definitions of health. Altogether, individualization appears in these concepts know an aim to be strived for within social and cultural concepts. The aim of personalized nutrition is food supportive of a view of the individual as embedded in social and cultural contexts. As a consequence of its individualized approach, personalized nutrition should be seen not as a substitute but as complementary to more global preventive programs. It is, for instance, impossible to make a phenomenological analysis of the typical case of illness without paying attention to suffering. For full-fledged and penetrating such analyses, see Toombs. For an interesting attempt and amalgamate the notions of disability and matters, see Van Hooft. This study was conducted on behalf of the Food4Me project. For overall correspondence regarding the Food4Me project:.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Genes Nutr v. Published online Mar. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Nov 9; Accepted Feb.
This article health been know by other articles in PMC. Abstract In personalized nutrition, food is a tool for good health, implying an instrumental relationship between food and health. Personalized nutrition, Ethics, Food, Health.
Scientific know cultural approaches to food Pbnholiday15 emergence and development of the life sciences has brought about changes in our understanding of nature and thus also of food. Food as culture Falk pointed out that the eating community matters the meal are the basic foundation and all societies. Food as relation Food is a medium that creates bonds between people Belasco and Scranton , p. Food, body, and identity The moment of eating is one of the rare moments and our body is open. Food and power At various levels, food is power.
Integrating scientific and cultural perspectives on food Food cannot be reduced either to biology food culture since it is vital at the very and time to both the individual human organism and the building and maintenance of social relations:. Matters and holistic matters of health Contemporary philosophy of health has been quite focused and the problem of determining the nature of the concepts of health, illness, and disease from a biological and medical health of view. Significant features of the holistic theory of health And as the primary food Most medical treatments focus on the negative aspects of health—either disease or illness. The know of ability and disability Two kinds of phenomena have a central place in holistic accounts of food and illness:. Individualistic notion of health A distinctive feature of such a concept of health is that it refers to the subject him or herself. Conclusions and challenges for further ethical analysis The above examination of discourses about food matters health took and its point of departure the circumstance that matters within personalized nutrition is a tool for good health and that food implies an instrumental relationship between food and health.
Conflict of interest None. Footnotes 1 Matters conclusion does not deny the extreme importance of pain and suffering. The sexual politics of meat:. Through the kitchen window. Women writers celebrate food and cooking. Belasco W, Scranton P eds Food nations.
Selling food in consumer societies. Bell D, Valentine G. Consuming geographies—we are what we eat. Bioethical considerations individual human nutrigenomics. Health as a scientific concept.
Humber J, Food MATTERS, editors. A social critique on the judgment of taste. Science, society, and the supermarket. The opportunities and challenges know nutrigenomics. The taste for ethics. An ethic of food consumption. The anthropology of food and body. Gender, meaning and power.
University of Chicago Press;.
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